Several receptor systems are implicated in antipsychotic-related appetite and metabolic effects. H1 histamine blockade and 5-HT2C effects are relevant to appetite regulation. Muscarinic M3-related mechanisms have been investigated in insulin secretion. Other neural and peripheral…Continue Reading
Rigidity is increased resistance when a joint is moved, reflecting altered muscle tone. A person may describe stiffness, discomfort or difficulty with ordinary movements. It can affect the limbs, trunk or facial movement and may…Continue Reading
Antipsychotics differ in their average effects on weight and metabolism. Olanzapine and clozapine are associated with substantial weight and metabolic burdens, while some other medicines have lower average effects. Lower risk does not mean no…Continue Reading
Tremor is a rhythmic shaking movement that can affect the hands or other body parts. It has several causes, including medicines and neurological conditions. A tremor associated with parkinsonism may occur at rest, but the…Continue Reading
Weight gain can contribute to insulin resistance, diabetes risk and cardiovascular burden, but it is not the only determinant of metabolic health. Some drug effects on glucose and lipids may occur without large visible weight…Continue Reading
Parkinsonism is a syndrome, while Parkinson’s disease is one particular neurological cause. Drug-induced parkinsonism can occur when medicines interfere with dopamine signalling. The symptoms can resemble Parkinson’s disease, and treatment exposure may sometimes reveal an…Continue Reading
Prevention begins with discussing likely effects, obtaining appropriate baseline measures and reviewing changes early. Practical support may include nutrition advice, manageable activity, sleep assessment and help overcoming financial or environmental barriers. Plans should be realistic…Continue Reading
Assessment of possible drug-induced parkinsonism includes a movement examination, treatment history and evaluation of functional impact. Clinicians consider other neurological and physical causes as well as the medicine’s benefits. Structured observations can help distinguish slowing…Continue Reading
Prolactin is produced by the anterior pituitary and has several functions, including supporting milk production. Its regulation differs from many pituitary hormones because dopamine provides an important ongoing inhibitory influence. Blocking D2 receptors can remove…Continue Reading
Tardive dyskinesia involves repetitive or irregular movements that are not fully under voluntary control. Common examples include lip movements, chewing motions or tongue movements, but other body regions can be involved. Symptoms may fluctuate, and…Continue Reading