Metabolic adverse effects include changes in weight, blood glucose and blood lipids. Risks vary substantially among second-generation antipsychotics. Olanzapine and clozapine are notable for substantial metabolic burdens, while other agents have different average profiles. Individual…Continue Reading
Injection-related effects can include pain, tenderness, swelling or local irritation. Their likelihood depends on the product, technique and individual factors. Some formulations have additional specific requirements or risks that need explanation before administration. A general…Continue Reading
Medicines within the second generation differ in movement risks, prolactin effects, sedation, appetite, cardiovascular properties and metabolism. Risperidone can elevate prolactin and cause dose-related movement problems. Olanzapine has a broader profile associated with appetite and…Continue Reading
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia generally involves significant symptoms that persist after at least two adequate antipsychotic trials. Exact definitions differ, and adequate means more than having received a prescription. The medicine must have been used at an…Continue Reading
Partial receptor activation means that a bound drug produces a response below that of a full agonist in the same experimental system. The medicine still activates the receptor; it is not simply an antagonist with…Continue Reading
An adequate medication trial requires a suitable medicine, appropriate dose or exposure, sufficient duration and a meaningful assessment of response. The details depend on the drug and clinical situation. Time spent at a very low…Continue Reading
A D2 partial agonist can occupy receptors that dopamine might otherwise activate. When it replaces a stronger agonist, the resulting signalling can be lower. This helps explain how a drug that activates dopamine receptors can…Continue Reading
Apparent resistance occurs when symptoms seem unresponsive but another explanation limits the treatment trial. Possibilities include inconsistent access, missed doses, interactions, rapid metabolism, ongoing substance effects or a diagnosis that needs revision. A medicine may…Continue Reading
Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic with partial agonist activity at D2 and 5-HT1A receptors and antagonist activity at 5-HT2A receptors. It is used for several indications depending on the formulation and country. Its receptor pattern differs…Continue Reading
Clozapine is a principal evidence-based option for appropriately identified treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Its consideration follows review of previous trials, persistent symptoms, physical health and monitoring requirements. The decision should include the person’s preferences and a realistic…Continue Reading