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Salience is the significance assigned to an event or stimulus. It helps people decide what deserves attention and action. Dopamine contributes to this process, particularly in learning and responding to potentially important information. The aberrant-salience…Continue Reading

Causes and biology
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Dopamine helps the brain learn which outcomes are worth pursuing and how effort relates to reward. It contributes to prediction errors, which signal differences between expected and actual outcomes. Its role extends beyond feeling pleasure…Continue Reading

Causes and biology
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Dopamine-producing neurons form pathways that influence different brain regions. Common descriptions include nigrostriatal pathways involved in movement, mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways involved in motivation and cognition, and tuberoinfundibular signalling involved in prolactin regulation. These labels…Continue Reading

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Dopamine signalling begins when a nerve cell releases dopamine into the space around another cell. Dopamine binds to receptors that change the receiving cell’s activity. The signal is shaped by release, receptor properties, reuptake and…Continue Reading

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Trauma-informed care recognises that past harm can affect how a person experiences services, authority and loss of control. It emphasises safety, clear explanations, collaboration and choice wherever possible. It does not require everyone to disclose…Continue Reading

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Trauma-related conditions and psychosis can share experiences such as heightened threat, unusual perceptions, sleep disturbance and withdrawal. Flashbacks, intrusive memories and dissociation may be confused with hallucinations, while persecutory beliefs may be difficult to distinguish…Continue Reading

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An association means that two factors occur together more often than expected under a particular comparison. Studies link trauma exposure with psychotic experiences, but association alone does not reveal the complete causal pathway. Shared risks…Continue Reading

Causes and biology
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Traumatic experiences in adulthood may include assault, accidents, violence, disasters or frightening healthcare experiences. People with schizophrenia can experience these events just as others do and may face additional vulnerability through social exclusion or unsafe…Continue Reading

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Childhood adversity includes experiences such as abuse, neglect, bullying, loss and unsafe living conditions. Research finds associations between some adversities and later psychotic experiences or disorders. These findings support attention to childhood circumstances, but they…Continue Reading