Nicotine dependence involves adaptations that make continued nicotine use reinforcing and stopping uncomfortable. Cravings, irritability, concentration difficulty and other withdrawal experiences can maintain smoking. In schizophrenia, these effects may interact with symptoms, routines and social…Continue Reading
Insomnia involves difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep or obtaining satisfactory sleep despite an opportunity to do so. The person may feel tired, frustrated or unable to function well during the day. In schizophrenia, worry, voices…Continue Reading
Circadian rhythms are approximately daily patterns in physiology and behaviour, coordinated by internal timing systems and environmental cues. Light, activity and social routines help align sleep with the day. Some people with schizophrenia experience delayed…Continue Reading
Excessive sleepiness means difficulty remaining alert during intended waking hours. It can arise from medication effects, insufficient sleep, fragmented sleep or disorders such as sleep apnoea. Sleeping for a long time does not exclude poor…Continue Reading
Sleep and psychiatric symptoms can influence one another. Voices, worry or threat beliefs may interfere with sleep, while sleep loss can worsen concentration, emotional regulation and unusual experiences. In some people, changing sleep is an…Continue Reading
Therapy can help a person examine distressing beliefs, particularly those involving threat, shame or personal significance. The approach usually begins with understanding the feared outcome and the emotional burden. Direct confrontation can damage trust, so…Continue Reading
Sleep routines provide consistent cues around waking, activity and winding down. Helpful plans are tailored to the person’s actual difficulty and circumstances. A stable waking time, manageable daytime activity and attention to caffeine or other…Continue Reading
Coping strategies are actions used to manage experiences and their consequences. They may include grounding, structured activity, attention shifts, relaxation, problem-solving or seeking support. Therapy examines which strategies actually help and which provide brief relief…Continue Reading
THC is the main intoxicating component of cannabis and can alter perception, memory and threat interpretation. CBD has different pharmacology and does not produce the same typical intoxicating effects. Products vary widely in their content…Continue Reading
Psychoeducation provides understandable information about symptoms, treatment, recovery and support. In family work, it helps participants develop a shared language while recognising that their experiences and explanations may differ. Information should be accurate, relevant and…Continue Reading