Causes and biology
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Gene–environment interaction means that the effect of a genetic difference may depend on environmental circumstances, or vice versa. Susceptibility to schizophrenia is thought to involve complex relationships between biology, development and experience. Stress, prenatal factors…Continue Reading

Causes and biology
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Rare genetic variants are uncommon changes in DNA that can sometimes have larger effects than individual common variants. These include certain copy-number changes, where a section of genetic material is deleted or duplicated. Some are…Continue Reading

Causes and biology
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Polygenic risk refers to the combined influence of many genetic variants, each usually contributing a small effect. Researchers can combine associations into a polygenic risk score. The score summarises selected genetic information relative to the…Continue Reading

Causes and biology
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A family history of schizophrenia or related conditions can indicate increased susceptibility, but it does not mean that another relative will develop the same illness. Risk depends on the relationship and the broader family pattern…Continue Reading

Causes and biology
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Heritability estimates how much variation in susceptibility within a studied population is associated with genetic differences. It does not describe what percentage of one person’s illness was caused by genes. Nor does a high estimate…Continue Reading

Course of illness
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Recovery can follow many patterns. Some people improve relatively quickly after an episode, while others make gradual gains or experience recurring difficulties. Different domains can change at different rates. Symptoms may settle before concentration, confidence…Continue Reading

Course of illness
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Meaningful activities are occupations that provide purpose, enjoyment, connection or a valued role. They can include employment, education, caring responsibilities, hobbies, volunteering and ordinary household tasks. Their value depends on the person rather than their…Continue Reading

Course of illness
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Independence can mean managing daily tasks, making decisions or having control over where and how to live. These dimensions do not always change together. A person may need help with finances or reminders while making…Continue Reading

Course of illness
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Personal recovery concerns living a meaningful and self-directed life, including identity, hope, relationships and purpose. It does not require every symptom to disappear. Someone may develop effective ways to manage voices while returning to valued…Continue Reading

Course of illness
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Clinical recovery usually refers to a combination of sustained symptom improvement and better functioning. Definitions differ between studies and services. Some require symptom remission, participation in social or occupational roles and a specified period of…Continue Reading