Parkinsonism: Assessment and Management
Assessment of possible drug-induced parkinsonism includes a movement examination, treatment history and evaluation of functional impact. Clinicians consider other neurological and physical causes as well as the medicine’s benefits. Structured observations can help distinguish slowing…Continue Reading
Parkinsonism: Distinction from Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinsonism is a syndrome, while Parkinson’s disease is one particular neurological cause. Drug-induced parkinsonism can occur when medicines interfere with dopamine signalling. The symptoms can resemble Parkinson’s disease, and treatment exposure may sometimes reveal an…Continue Reading
Parkinsonism: Tremor
Tremor is a rhythmic shaking movement that can affect the hands or other body parts. It has several causes, including medicines and neurological conditions. A tremor associated with parkinsonism may occur at rest, but the…Continue Reading
Parkinsonism: Muscle Rigidity
Rigidity is increased resistance when a joint is moved, reflecting altered muscle tone. A person may describe stiffness, discomfort or difficulty with ordinary movements. It can affect the limbs, trunk or facial movement and may…Continue Reading
Parkinsonism: Slowed Movement
Slowed movement, or bradykinesia, involves reduced speed or ease of initiating and carrying out actions. A person may take longer to dress, write or rise from a chair. Movements can become smaller, and facial expression…Continue Reading
Akathisia: Assessment and Management
Assessment combines the person’s report of inner restlessness with observation, medication review and consideration of other causes. A structured scale may help document severity and change. Clinicians consider dose, recent adjustments, interactions and the importance…Continue Reading
Akathisia: Distinction from Anxiety
Anxiety can involve worry, fear, bodily arousal and restlessness. Akathisia is more specifically associated with an urge to move and difficulty remaining still, often in relation to medication exposure. The conditions can coexist, and the…Continue Reading
Akathisia: Onset and Duration
Akathisia often appears after starting a causative medicine or increasing exposure, although other patterns occur. It may persist, emerge after changes in treatment or be difficult to distinguish from longstanding restlessness. The timing relative to…Continue Reading
Akathisia: Visible Movements
Visible features of akathisia can include pacing, shifting weight, rocking or repeatedly moving the legs. Someone may stand and sit repeatedly because remaining still feels uncomfortable. The movements are responses to restlessness rather than the…Continue Reading
Akathisia: Inner Restlessness
Inner restlessness is the subjective core of akathisia. People may describe an unbearable urge to move, discomfort inside the body or an inability to settle. The experience can be difficult to explain and may be…Continue Reading